Russia and the United States are holding talks in Geneva focused on tensions over Ukraine but expected to touch on a slew of disputes between the former Cold War adversaries.
Conflicts around the world
Western officials say Russia has amassed tens of thousands of troops on the border with Ukraine, where a pro-Moscow insurgency has killed more than 13,000 people. The United States has warned of severe consequences of an invasion and that progress in other areas is impossible until Russia pulls back.
Russia, which annexed the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine in 2014, has demanded guarantees that NATO not take in new members or set up further bases in the former Soviet Union.
Moscow says it was promised at the end of the Cold War that the Western-led alliance would not expand.
Russia has also forcefully intervened in Belarus, where strongman Alexander Lukashenko has cracked down on mass protests triggered by wide accounts of rigging in the 2020 elections, and more recently in Kazakhstan where Russian troops were invited to suppress demonstrations.
In Africa, the United States and the European Union have stepped up pressure against the Wagner group, a private security firm with alleged links to people close to President Vladimir Putin. The group has been accused of abuses in the Central African Republic and Libya and has reportedly discussed a major contract with Mali.
Western powers have long been at loggerheads with Russia over its crucial support to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, although on another hotspot, Iran, President Joe Biden’s administration has largely welcomed cooperation with Moscow.
Arms control
Biden’s victory reopened diplomacy on arms control between the world’s two largest nuclear powers. The two nations have since reached a five-year extension of the New START nuclear reduction treaty.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken said the United States was ready to discuss new measures to reduce risks in Europe but warned Russia must first withdraw troops from the Ukrainian border.
Human rights
The Biden administration has vowed to champion democracy against the models of China and Russia and has repeatedly criticised Moscow’s rights record.
Courts last month shut down Russia’s most prominent rights group, Memorial, a step that would have been a surprise even a few years ago.
The United States has imposed sanctions over the treatment of Putin’s most high-profile critic, Alexei Navalny, who was nearly killed in a poisoning in 2020 and then imprisoned on old charges of embezzlement.
Embassy dispute
The United States has warned its embassy in Moscow could stop functioning this year due to a new ban on hiring local staff. Washington says Moscow has not been reciprocal in the number of US diplomats permitted in Russia, with former local staff counting against the US allotment.
Among other bilateral issues, the United States has warned Putin to crack down on hackers believed to operate in Russia and has longstanding concerns about Russian disinformation campaigns, most notably during the 2016 election.
The United States has also sought the release of two citizens jailed in Russia, former Marine Paul Whelan and Trevor Reed, who was charged with assaulting police officers while drunk.
