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At a quiet cemetery in eastern China, bereaved father Seakoo Wu pulls out his phone, places it on a gravestone and plays a recording of his son.
They are words that the late student never spoke, but brought into being with artificial intelligence.
âI know youâre in great pain every day because of me, and feel guilty and helpless,â intones Xuanmo in a slightly robotic voice.
âEven though I canât be by your side ever again, my soul is still in this world, accompanying you through life.â
Stricken by grief, Wu and his wife have joined a growing number of Chinese people turning to AI technology to create lifelike avatars of their departed.
Ultimately Wu wants to build a fully realistic replica that behaves just like his dead son but dwells in virtual reality.
âOnce we synchronise reality and the metaverse, Iâll have my son with me again,â Wu said.
âI can train him⊠so that when he sees me, he knows Iâm his father.â
Some Chinese firms claim to have created thousands of âdigital peopleâ from as little as 30 seconds of audiovisual material of the deceased.
Experts say they can offer much-needed comfort for people devastated by the loss of loved ones.
But they also evoke an unsettling theme from the British sci-fi series âBlack Mirrorâ in which people rely on advanced AI for bereavement support.
â âNeeds are growingâ â
Wu and his wife were devastated when Xuanmo, their only child, died last year at the age of 22 while attending Exeter University in Britain.
The accounting and finance student, keen sportsman and posthumous organ donor âhad such a rich and varied lifeâ, said Wu.
âHe always carried in him this desire to help people and a sense of right and wrong,â he told AFP.
Following a boom in deep learning technologies like ChatGPT in China, Wu began researching ways to resurrect him.
He gathered photos, videos and audio recordings of his son, and spent thousands of dollars hiring AI firms that cloned Xuanmoâs face and voice.
The results so far are rudimentary, but he has also set up a work team to create a database containing vast amounts of information on his son.
Wu hopes to feed it into powerful algorithms to create an avatar capable of copying his sonâs thinking and speech patterns with extreme precision.
Several companies specializing in so-called âghost botsâ have emerged in the United States in recent years.
But the industry is booming in China, according to Zhang Zewei, the founder of the AI firm Super Brain and a former collaborator with Wu.
âOn AI technology, China is in the highest class worldwide,â said Zhang from a workspace in the eastern city of Jingjiang.
âAnd there are so many people in China, many with emotional needs, which gives us an advantage when it comes to market demand.â
Super Brain charges between 10,000 and 20,000 yuan ($1,400-$2,800) to create a basic avatar within about 20 days, said Zhang.
They range from those who have died to living parents unable to spend time with their children and â controversially â a heartbroken womanâs ex-boyfriend.
Clients can even hold video calls with a staff member whose face and voice are digitally overlaid with those of the person they have lost.
âThe significance for⊠the whole world is huge,â Zhang said.
âA digital version of someone (can) exist forever, even after their body has been lost.â
â âNew humanismâ â
Sima Huapeng, who founded Nanjing-based Silicon Intelligence, said the technology would âbring about a new kind of humanismâ.
He likened it to portraiture and photography, which helped people commemorate the dead in revolutionary ways.
Tal Morse, a visiting research fellow at the Centre for Death and Society at Britainâs University of Bath, said ghost bots may offer comfort.
But he cautioned that more research was needed to understand their psychological and ethical implications.
âA key question here is⊠how âloyalâ are the ghost bots to the personality they were designed to mimic,â Morse told AFP.
âWhat happens if they do things that will âcontaminateâ the memory of the person they are supposed to represent?â
Another quandary arises from the inability of dead people to consent, experts said.
While permission was probably unnecessary to mimic speech or behaviour, it might be needed to âdo certain other things with that simulacrumâ, said Nate Sharadin, a philosopher at the University of Hong Kong specialising in AI and its social effects.
For Super Brainâs Zhang, all new technology is âa double-edged swordâ.
âAs long as weâre helping those who need it, I see no problemâ.
He doesnât work with those for whom it could have negative impacts, he said, citing a woman who had attempted suicide after her daughterâs death.
Bereaved father Wu said Xuanmo would âprobably would have been willingâ to be digitally revived.
âOne day, son, we will all reunite in the metaverse,â he said as his wife dissolved into tears before his grave.
âThe technology is getting better every day⊠itâs just a matter of time.â